The Basics of Microcontroller-based Embedded Systems

What is an embedded system?

An embedded system is a specialized system designed to perform a specific task. It is a combination of hardware and software built into machines to control their functions.

You can find embedded systems in everyday products like:

• Home appliances: microwaves, washing machines, and smart TVs.
• Vehicles: engine control units and anti-lock brakes.
• Medical devices: pacemakers, insulin pumps, and MRI machines.
• And more.

These systems manage difficult tasks in many of our daily tools, making our lives easier.

Embedded systems have some distinct features:

• Dedicated Purpose: It is designed to do one specific job, unlike general computers.
• Realtime Response: It needs to act fast, responding to inputs and giving outputs within strict time limits.
• Constrained (limited) Resources: These systems have limited amounts of memory, processing power, and energy.
• Robustness: They must work well in different situations.

There are different types of embedded systems, depending on:

• The industry
• Specific hardware used
• Level of complexity

At Simma Software, we specialize in microcontroller-based embedded systems. These are heavily used in automotive and industrial applications.

What is a microcontroller-based embedded system?

A microcontroller-based embedded system uses a microcontroller as its processor. These systems are smaller, use less power, and are more cost-effective than those with larger processors. Microcontrollers are built for specific tasks, like real-time control or data collection. This makes them ideal for applications where size, energy use, and cost are important.

Here are some typical use cases for microcontroller-based embedded systems:

• Automotive systems: Control engines, airbags, and anti-lock brakes in small places and conserve power.
• Industrial automation: Controls machinery and ensures reliability and low power use.
• Home appliances: used in washing machines and thermostats, where cheap and tiny microcontrollers are needed.

Sub-elements of a microcontroller-based embedded system

A microcontroller-based embedded system has three key sub-elements: power supply, hardware, and software. Each of these components plays a vital role in the functioning of the system.

Power Supply

The power supply provides the necessary energy for the microcontroller and other components to operate. Without a stable power supply, the system cannot function reliably.

Hardware Components

The hardware of a microcontroller-based embedded system includes several critical components.

Microcontroller

The microcontroller is the brain of the system. It processes data and controls other parts of the system. A microcontroller consists of the following elements.

• Microprocessor: Executes instructions and performs calculations.
• ROM: Stores the program that the microcontroller executes.
• RAM: Temporarily stores data that the microcontroller uses while running.
• I/O Ports: Connects the microcontroller to external devices like sensors and actuators.

I/O Devices

• Sensors: Devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into electrical signals.
• Actuators: Devices that convert electrical signals into physical actions.
• Display devices: Devices used to display information.
• Communication devices: Devices used to transmit and receive data.

Software Components

The software of a microcontroller-based embedded system is just as important as the hardware. It includes the following elements:

Device Drivers

Low-level software that initializes the hardware and loads the operating system or main application.

Operating Systems

Operating Systems are only used in some microcontroller-based embedded systems. They’re used to manage resources and provide a platform for application software.

Middleware

Connects the firmware to the application software. Middleware enables communication and data management.

Application Software

Performs the specific tasks the embedded system is designed for. This can include controlling a motor or processing sensor data.

Microcontroller-based embedded systems play a key role in advancing technology. They provide precise and reliable solutions across many industries. With their efficient use of resources and flexibility, they are essential in automotive, industrial, and consumer applications. As technology evolves, these systems will continue to lead, improving the performance of various devices and ensuring smooth operation in daily life.